Practice-oriented modelling of URM walls: experimental calibration of micro-and macro-mechanical approaches in OpenSees for reliable structural assessment
M. V. Requena-Garcia-Cruz, E. Romero-Sanchez, Antonio Morales-Esteban, Muhammet Karabulut, H. Ozturk
article (Uluslararası, Hakemli) | Yazar(lar): M. V. Requena-Garcia-Cruz, E. Romero-Sanchez, Antonio Morales-Esteban, Muhammet Karabulut, H. Ozturk | Yıl: 2026 | Dergi/Kurum: AIN SHAMS ENGINEERING JOURNAL | İndeks: WOS.SCI | DOI: 10.1016/j.asej.2026.104154 | Anahtar Kelimeler: URM calibration, Experimental validation, O
The structural analysis of unreinforced masonry (URM) buildings requires efficient numerical models. This task is challenging due to the need for advanced constitutive laws and precise mechanical parameters. While many URM models exist in commercial software, open-source tools like OpenSees lack guidelines and validation. Their implementation, their advantages and their calibration are yet to be done. This paper aims to validate and calibrate URM wall models in OpenSees through experimental and analytical testing. Vertical and diagonal loading tests have been carried out using four ceramic brick types. Subsequently, micro-and macro-modelling approaches (equivalent frame and continuous) have been implemented in OpenSees. For the equivalent frame modelling, both lumped and distributed plasticity approaches have been applied, accounting for axial-flexural and shear failures. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the impact of mechanical and geometrical parameters on the performance of the models. All the numerical models have effectively reproduced stress-strain relationships and damage patterns, aligning well with experimental results. Continuous approaches (micro and macro) have obtained better results than the equivalent frame ones. The compressive strength and the elastic modulus have been identified as the most influential mechanical parameters. Also, the micro-modelling has been the method that has captured damage with the highest fidelity, +/- 4%. The equivalent frame method has not reproduced the local failure but can be considered as a promising approach for modelling the overall structural behaviour. Finally, the macro-modelling has produced in a valuable compromise in structural analysis, offering a balance between computational efficiency and predictive accuracy.