A single-step quasi-hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based microextraction of synthetic antioxidants in milk samples prior to high-performance liquid chromatography
Cansu Alkan, Hasan Cabuk
article (Uluslararası, Hakemli) | Yazar(lar): Cansu Alkan, Hasan Cabuk | Yıl: 2026 | Dergi/Kurum: MICROCHEMICAL JOURNAL | İndeks: WOS.SCI | DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.119293 | Anahtar Kelimeler: Synthetic antioxidants, Quasi-hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent, High-performance liquid chromatography, Milk — Özet: A novel
A novel quasi-hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent-based liquid-phase microextraction (Q-HDES-LPME) method was developed for the rapid determination of synthetic antioxidants in milk samples, in which protein precipitation and microextraction were combined into a single step. Propyl gallate, tert-butylhydroquinone, and butylated hydroxyanisole were investigated as the target analytes. The method was based on a newly designed Q-HDES composed of 1-octanol and trichloroacetic acid, with the latter serving both as a protein-precipitating agent and as a functional component of the extractant. After LPME, the Q-HDES partially retained its composition and was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Following optimization, extraction efficiencies of 41-57% were obtained for the studied antioxidants. The Q-HDES-LPME method provided good linearity over the concentration range of 30-5000 mu g L-1(r(2) > 0.9984), with limits of detection between 8 and 11 mu g L-1. The method further demonstrated satisfactory precision, with intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations below 6.0% and 7.5%, respectively, and reliable accuracy, as evidenced by recoveries of 75-111% in spiked milk samples covering different fat levels.