Influence of smoking on human milk tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at postpartum seventh day
B Ermis, Abdulkadir Yildirim, A Tastekin, R Ors
article (Uluslararası, Hakemli) | Yazar(lar): B Ermis, Abdulkadir Yildirim, A Tastekin, R Ors | Yıl: 2009 | Dergi/Kurum: PEDIATRICS INTERNATIONAL | İndeks: WOS.SCI | DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-200x.2009.02864.x | Anahtar Kelimeler: cytokines, human milk, maternal smoking, pregnancy, tumor necrosis factor-alpha — Özet: Backgro
Background:
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on human milk interleukin-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at the postpartum seventh day.
Methods:
Forty-four mothers (age range: 21-34 years) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the smoking mothers (n = 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n = 23).
Results:
There were no significant differences between study groups with respect to human milk interleukin-1 beta (P = 0.12) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels (P = 0.83). However, TNF-alpha levels were found to be significantly lower in the smoking mothers compared with the controls (P = 0.002).
Conclusion:
This study shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects the levels of TNF-alpha in milk. The protective effect of human milk against infections seems to be impaired in smoking mothers.